[MySQL]: optimizer Index strategy
If the table has a multiple-column index, any leftmost prefix of the index can be used by the optimizer to find rows.
For example, if you have a three-column index on (col1, col2, col3), you have indexed search capabilities on (col1), (col1, col2), and (col1, col2, col3).
MySQL cannot use an index if the columns do not form a leftmost prefix of the index.
Suppose that you have the SELECT statements shown here:
SELECT * FROM tbl_name WHERE col1=val1;
SELECT * FROM tbl_name WHERE col1=val1 AND col2=val2;
SELECT * FROM tbl_name WHERE col2=val2;
SELECT * FROM tbl_name WHERE col2=val2 AND col3=val3;
If an index exists on (col1, col2, col3), only the first two queries use the index.
The third and fourth queries do involve indexed columns, but (col2) and (col2, col3) are not leftmost prefixes of (col1, col2, col3).
How MySQL Uses Indexes
Indexes are used to find rows with specific column values quickly. Without an index, MySQL must begin with the first row and then read through the entire table to find the relevant rows. The larger the table, the more this costs. If the table has an index for the columns in question, MySQL can quickly determine the position to seek to in the middle of the data file without having to look at all the data. If a table has 1,000 rows, this is at least 100 times faster than reading sequentially. If you need to access most of the rows, it is faster to read sequentially, because this minimizes disk seeks.
Most MySQL indexes (PRIMARY KEY, UNIQUE, INDEX, and FULLTEXT) are stored in B-trees. Exceptions are that indexes on spatial data types use R-trees, and that MEMORY tables also support hash indexes.
Strings are automatically prefix- and end-space compressed.
In general, indexes are used as described in the following discussion. Characteristics specific to hash indexes (as used in MEMORY tables) are described at the end of this section.
MySQL uses indexes for these operations:
To find the rows matching a WHERE clause quickly.
To eliminate rows from consideration. If there is a choice between multiple indexes, MySQL normally uses the index that finds the smallest number of rows.
To retrieve rows from other tables when performing joins. MySQL can use indexes on columns more efficiently if they are declared as the same type and size. In this context, VARCHAR and CHAR are considered the same if they are declared as the same size. For example, VARCHAR(10) and CHAR(10) are the same size, but VARCHAR(10) and CHAR(15) are not.
For comparisons between nonbinary string columns, both columns should use the same character set. For example, comparing a utf8 column with a latin1 column precludes use of an index.
Comparison of dissimilar columns (comparing a string column to a temporal or numeric column, for example) may prevent use of indexes if values cannot be compared directly without conversion. Suppose that a numeric column is compared to a string column. For a given value such as 1 in the numeric column, it might compare equal to any number of values in the string column such as ‘1’, ‘ 1’, ‘00001’, or ’01.e1′. This rules out use of any indexes for the string column.
To find the MIN() or MAX() value for a specific indexed column key_col. This is optimized by a preprocessor that checks whether you are using WHERE key_part_N = constant on all key parts that occur before key_col in the index. In this case, MySQL does a single key lookup for each MIN() or MAX() expression and replaces it with a constant. If all expressions are replaced with constants, the query returns at once. For example:
SELECT MIN(key_part2),MAX(key_part2)
FROM tbl_name WHERE key_part1=10;
To sort or group a table if the sorting or grouping is done on a leftmost prefix of a usable key (for example, ORDER BY key_part1, key_part2). If all key parts are followed by DESC, the key is read in reverse order.
In some cases, a query can be optimized to retrieve values without consulting the data rows. If a query uses only columns from a table that are numeric and that form a leftmost prefix for some key, the selected values may be retrieved from the index tree for greater speed:
SELECT key_part3 FROM tbl_name
WHERE key_part1=1
Suppose that you issue the following SELECT statement:
mysql> SELECT * FROM tbl_name WHERE col1=val1 AND col2=val2;
If a multiple-column index exists on col1 and col2, the appropriate rows can be fetched directly. If separate single-column indexes exist on col1 and col2, the optimizer will attempt to use the Index Merge optimization , or attempt to find the most restrictive index by deciding which index finds fewer rows and using that index to fetch the rows.
If the table has a multiple-column index, any leftmost prefix of the index can be used by the optimizer to find rows. For example, if you have a three-column index on (col1, col2, col3), you have indexed search capabilities on (col1), (col1, col2), and (col1, col2, col3).
MySQL cannot use an index if the columns do not form a leftmost prefix of the index. Suppose that you have the SELECT statements shown here:
SELECT * FROM tbl_name WHERE col1=val1;
SELECT * FROM tbl_name WHERE col1=val1 AND col2=val2;
SELECT * FROM tbl_name WHERE col2=val2;
SELECT * FROM tbl_name WHERE col2=val2 AND col3=val3;
If an index exists on (col1, col2, col3), only the first two queries use the index. The third and fourth queries do involve indexed columns, but (col2) and (col2, col3) are not leftmost prefixes of (col1, col2, col3).
B-Tree Index Characteristics
A B-tree index can be used for column comparisons in expressions that use the =, >, >=, <, <=, or BETWEEN operators. The index also can be used for LIKE comparisons if the argument to LIKE is a constant string that does not start with a wildcard character. For example, the following SELECT statements use indexes:
SELECT * FROM tbl_name WHERE key_col LIKE ‘Patrick%’;
SELECT * FROM tbl_name WHERE key_col LIKE ‘Pat%_ck%’;
In the first statement, only rows with ‘Patrick’ <= key_col < ‘Patricl’ are considered. In the second statement, only rows with ‘Pat’ <= key_col < ‘Pau’ are considered.
The following SELECT statements do not use indexes:
SELECT * FROM tbl_name WHERE key_col LIKE ‘%Patrick%’;
SELECT * FROM tbl_name WHERE key_col LIKE other_col;
In the first statement, the LIKE value begins with a wildcard character. In the second statement, the LIKE value is not a constant.
If you use … LIKE ‘%string%’ and string is longer than three characters, MySQL uses the Turbo Boyer-Moore algorithm to initialize the pattern for the string and then uses this pattern to perform the search more quickly.
A search using col_name IS NULL employs indexes if col_name is indexed.
Any index that does not span all AND levels in the WHERE clause is not used to optimize the query. In other words, to be able to use an index, a prefix of the index must be used in every AND group.
The following WHERE clauses use indexes:
… WHERE index_part1=1 AND index_part2=2 AND other_column=3
/* index = 1 OR index = 2 */
… WHERE index=1 OR A=10 AND index=2
/* optimized like “index_part1=’hello'” */
… WHERE index_part1=’hello’ AND index_part3=5
/* Can use index on index1 but not on index2 or index3 */
… WHERE index1=1 AND index2=2 OR index1=3 AND index3=3;
These WHERE clauses do not use indexes:
/* index_part1 is not used */
… WHERE index_part2=1 AND index_part3=2
/* Index is not used in both parts of the WHERE clause */
… WHERE index=1 OR A=10
/* No index spans all rows */
… WHERE index_part1=1 OR index_part2=10
Sometimes MySQL does not use an index, even if one is available. One circumstance under which this occurs is when the optimizer estimates that using the index would require MySQL to access a very large percentage of the rows in the table. (In this case, a table scan is likely to be much faster because it requires fewer seeks.) However, if such a query uses LIMIT to retrieve only some of the rows, MySQL uses an index anyway, because it can much more quickly find the few rows to return in the result.
Hash Index Characteristics
Hash indexes have somewhat different characteristics from those just discussed:
They are used only for equality comparisons that use the = or <=> operators (but are very fast). They are not used for comparison operators such as < that find a range of values.
The optimizer cannot use a hash index to speed up ORDER BY operations. (This type of index cannot be used to search for the next entry in order.)
MySQL cannot determine approximately how many rows there are between two values (this is used by the range optimizer to decide which index to use). This may affect some queries if you change a MyISAM table to a hash-indexed MEMORY table.
Only whole keys can be used to search for a row. (With a B-tree index, any leftmost prefix of the key can be used to find rows.)